![]() ![]() ![]() Notwithstanding the common nature and efficiency of speech, surprisingly little work has been done to specify cognitive variables that modulate adaptive stopping control over speech production. For example, during a lively conversation with an accomplice about organizing a surprise party, one is able to stop talking abruptly when the birthday boy suddenly enters the room. The apparent high level of adaptive control over speech production is also underscored by peoples’ ability to alter the course of a sentence or even stop in the middle of word production according to an internal (re)evaluation of the situation or in response to sudden relevant changes in the external environment. Despite high articulation rates of about 120–150 words per minute, error rates in speech production are down to words (Levelt, 1992). This uniquely human ability to communicate by speech is characterized by a profound ease and automaticity. On average, we produce a few thousand words a day. ![]() Finally, stopping latencies varied with individual differences in impulsivity, indicating that specifically dysfunctional impulsivity, and not functional impulsivity, is associated with slower verbal stopping. This notion is compatible with current theories on speech self-monitoring. These results indicate that adaptive action control over speech production is affected by lexical processing. Interestingly, stopping was slower for naming words that are less frequently used compared to words that are used more frequently. When engaged in a standard picture-naming task using a large set of pictures, verbal stopping latencies were considerably prolonged. In tasks with only two response alternatives, verbal expressions were slower than manual responses, but the stopping latencies of hand and verbal actions were comparable. The present experiments quantified and compared inhibitory control over manual and verbal responses using the stop-signal paradigm. Nevertheless, systematic investigation of the factors that affect adaptive control over speech production is relatively scarce. Speaking is a complex natural behavior that most people master very well. ![]()
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